Content Validity of Augmented Reality Flashcards on Fluid Dynamics Material Using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio and an Integrated Approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30599/7vqrzc10Keywords:
Content Validity Ratio (Cvr), Augmented Reality Flashcards, Fluid Dynamics, Instrument Validation, Physics Education; Educational TechnologyAbstract
This study evaluates the content validity of Augmented Reality (AR) flashcards for teaching Fluid Dynamics using a mixed-methods approach. Ten physics experts assessed 50 items across five dimensions. Validity was measured using Lawshe’s Content Validity Ratio (CVR; threshold ≥0.80), Gwet’s AC1 for inter-rater agreement, and bootstrap sensitivity analysis. All items met statistical validity criteria: 92% achieved perfect agreement (CVR = 1.00) and 8% met the threshold (CVR = 0.80). The overall mean CVR was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.97–1.00), with Gwet’s AC1 = 0.98, indicating excellent expert consensus. Sensitivity analysis confirmed result stability despite the limited panel. Qualitative feedback guided iterative improvements to visual design and equation annotations. The instrument demonstrates robust, methodologically sound content validity and is highly suitable for evaluating immersive physics learning tools. The combined CVR, AC1, and sensitivity framework is recommended as a standard for validating technology-enhanced educational media.
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